Oxidized Cholesterol and Alzheimer's

DIET & PREVENTION VIDEO + ARTICLE:

Oxidized cholesterol from foods like canned tuna, ghee, parmesan cheese and processed meat can end up in the brain. That can be toxic, researchers find. Learn more.

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by Michael Greger, MD, FACLM
Oxidized cholesterol can be a hundred times more toxic than regular cholesterol, raising additional concerns about foods such as ghee, canned tuna, processed meat, and parmesan cheese.

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Too much cholesterol in the blood “has long been considered to act as a primary risk factor for developing Alzheimer’s disease and, possibly, Parkinson’s disease.”

Striking images on autopsy show that the brain arteries of Alzheimer’s victims are clogged with fat and cholesterol, compared to non-demented elderly controls.

But “cholesterol cannot be directly exported across the blood-brain barrier,” so it can’t get directly into—or out of—the brain.

What if the brain has too much cholesterol and needs to get rid of some?

Beware the 2-way street

As a safety valve, an enzyme in the brain can oxidize cholesterol. So, in that form, it can exit the brain and eventually the body.

There’s a catch, though. “Although this fact means that the brain can eliminate excess amounts of these oxidation products,” it could be a two-way street.

“[I]t could conversely allow toxic amounts of oxysterols [oxidized cholesterol], present in the blood stream, to accumulate in the brain”—that is, to go the other way.

This is not just a theoretical concern. An elegant study showed that by measuring oxidized cholesterol levels in the blood coming off the brain, collected from the jugular vein in the neck, compared to the levels going into the brain through the artery, you could determine the difference.

Oxidized cholesterol can be toxic

The researchers found that if you have too much oxidized cholesterol in your bloodstream, it can end up in your brain.

This is a problem, because research shows the accumulation of oxysterols can be “cytotoxic, mutagenic, atherogenic and possibly carcinogenic” — in other words, toxic to cells, toxic to DNA, and contributing to heart disease and maybe also cancer.

Samples from atherosclerotic plaques on autopsy contain 20 times more cholesterol than normal arteries, but they contain 45 times higher levels of oxidized cholesterol.

Cholesterol oxidation products may be up to a hundred times more pathological, more toxic, than unoxidized cholesterol, contributing not only to heart disease, but potentially also to a variety of different major chronic diseases, including Alzheimer’s.

How to reduce oxysterols

So, how can we reduce oxysterols in the body? One way is by not eating them.

Oxidized cholesterol is found in “milk powders, meat and meat products (including fish), cheese, eggs and egg products.”

“Until recently, our understanding…has been limited by the lack of analytical procedures [testing methods] to analyse foods with sufficient sensitivity and accuracy” — until now, that is.

Oxidized cholesterol can be found throughout animal products. Canned tuna was surprisingly high, but ghee takes the cake.

The ghee problem

Ghee, clarified or boiled butter, is commonly used in Indian cooking. Its method of preparation appears to multiply oxidized cholesterol levels tenfold.

This dietary exposure to oxidized cholesterol may help explain why the subcontinent of India is ravaged by such heart disease, even though a significant proportion of the population stays away from meat and eggs. (A number of Indian dairy-based desserts are also made in a similar way to ghee.)

Oxidized cholesterol in the diet is a source of oxidized cholesterol in the human bloodstream, where it can readily cross the blood-brain barrier into the brain. This could then trigger inflammation inside the brain and the buildup of amyloid “years before the impairment of memory is diagnosed.”

Early studies showing the buildup of oxidized cholesterol in the blood of those fed meals rich in oxidized cholesterol, causing a spike in the bloodstream a few hours after eating, were done with things like powdered egg, which can be found in a lot of processed foods, but you typically don’t sit down to a meal of it.

You get the same types of spikes, though, from eating “ordinary foodstuff.” Give folks some salami and parmesan cheese, which are naturally rich in cholesterol oxidation products (COPs), and later that day, COP is circulating throughout their bodies.

Higher levels are not only associated with mild cognitive impairment, but they’re linked to Alzheimer’s disease as well.

Increased oxysterol = brain inflammation

“Increased oxysterol concentrations in the brain may promote cellular damage, cause neuron [nerve cell] dysfunction and degeneration, and could contribute to neuroinflammation [brain inflammation] and amyloidogenesis,” the formation of amyloid plaques.

You can show the boost in inflammatory gene expression right in a petri dish. You can grow human nerve cells in vitro and drip on a little cholesterol, which causes a bump in inflammation.

According to a blog on neuropathycure.org, if you add the same amount of oxidized cholesterol, it gets much worse. What’s more, if you look at the changes in brain oxysterols at different stages of Alzheimer’s disease on autopsy, you can see how the three main cholesterol oxidation products appear to be building up.

Levels have been shown to dramatically increase in Alzheimer’s disease brains, adding to the evidence that oxidized cholesterol may be “the driving force behind the development of Alzheimer’s disease.”

Cholesterol gets oxidized when animal products are exposed to heat. Are there some cooking methods that are less risky than others?

Key takeaways

• A primary risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s and possibly Parkinson’s diseases is too much cholesterol in the blood.
• Although cholesterol can’t be exported directly across the blood-brain barrier, it can be oxidized by an enzyme in the brain and, in that form, exit the brain. However, oxidized cholesterol present in the bloodstream may be able to enter the brain through this two-way street.
• Accumulation of these oxysterols can be toxic to cells and DNA, as well as contribute to heart disease and possibly cancer.
• Samples from atherosclerotic plaques on autopsy contain 20 times more cholesterol than normal arteries and 45 times higher levels of oxidized cholesterol, which can be 100 times more toxic than regular unoxidized cholesterol.
• Oxysterols are found throughout animal products, including dairy, meat (including fish), and eggs, and one way to cut down on the amount of them in our body is by not consuming them.
• The preparation of ghee, clarified or boiled butter that is commonly used in Indian cooking, appears to multiply oxysterol levels tenfold, which may help explain why heart disease is so rampant on the Indian subcontinent despite a significant percentage of Indians avoiding meat and eggs.
• The presence of oxidized cholesterol in the brain can trigger inflammation inside the brain and the buildup of amyloid, far before memory impairment is diagnosed.

SOURCE:

• NutritionFacts.org

REFERENCE:

• Heverein M, Meaney S, Lütjohann D, Diczfalusy U, Wahren J, Björkhem I. Crossing the barrier: net flux of 27-hydroxycholesterol into the human brain. Journal of Lipid Research . 2005 May;46(5):1047-52. DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M500024-JLR200. Epub 2005 Mar 1.